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Comprehensive Explanation:
Major incidents typically require:
* Urgent coordinated effort
* Involvement of multiple teams or specialists
* Focused collaboration
* Rapid restoration of service
ITIL describes forming a temporary major incident team as the standard response.
Options A and B are too simple; option D is procedural but not sufficient for major incidents.

Swarming is a technique to more effectively resolve complicated and complex issues, which typically require more than one person or group to complete an activity effectively1. Swarming involves stakeholders working together to resolve the issue, rather than escalating it through a tiered structure2. Swarming can reduce the time to resolution, improve the customer experience, and enhance the knowledge sharing and collaboration among the support teams3. Swarming is also a concept used in Agile and DevOps methodologies, which are part of the ITIL 4 framework4.
Service integration and management (SIAM) is a management methodology that can help coordinate multiple service providers and ensure consistent and seamless service delivery to the customers. However, SIAM is not a technique to resolve complex incidents within an organization, but rather a way to manage the relationships and interactions among different service providers.
Machine learning is a branch of artificial intelligence that enables systems to learn from data and improve their performance without explicit programming. Machine learning can help automate some aspects of service management, such as incident classification, routing, and resolution. However, machine learning is not a technique to resolve complex incidents that require human intervention and collaboration.
An information model is a representation of concepts, relationships, constraints, rules, and operations to specify the semantics of something. An information model can help define and structure the data and information used in service management, such as configuration items, incidents, problems, changes, etc.
However, an information model is not a technique to resolve complex incidents, but rather a way to organize and manage the information.
Therefore, the best approach or technique to resolve the situation described in the question is swarming.
1: ITIL 4 Foundation, page 77 2: ITIL 4 & swarming – finding the right people & process | Axelos 3:
Swarming vs Tiered Support Models Explained – BMC Software 4: ITIL 4 Specialist: Create, Deliver and Support, page 33 : ITIL 4 Foundation, page 81 : ITIL 4 Specialist: High-Velocity IT, page 36 : ITIL 4 Specialist: High-Velocity IT, page 37 : ITIL 4 Foundation, page 83 : ITIL 4 Specialist: Create, Deliver and Support, page 35

Explanation
The correct answer is A because creating a clear picture of what is changing and why it is valuable is the first step in organizational change management. Organizational change management is the practice of ensuring that changes are effectively and smoothly implemented, and that the lasting benefits of change are achieved.
Creating a clear picture of the change involves defining the vision, scope, objectives, and benefits of the change, and communicating them to the stakeholders. This helps to create a sense of urgency, alignment, and commitment for the change, and to overcome resistance and ambiguity.
The other options are not correct because they are not the first activity in organizational change management.
Developing a value stream map of the desired future changes (option B) is a useful technique to identify and optimize the flow of value, but it is not the first activity. It requires a clear understanding of the change and its value proposition, which is established in option A. Creating corrective action plans for staff who are resistant to the change (option C) is a reactive and punitive approach to change management, which can create more resentment and distrust. It is not the first activity, nor the best practice, in organizational change management.
Communicating areas of waste that can be eliminated (option D) is a part of the lean approach to service management, which aims to optimize value by reducing waste and inefficiencies. However, it is not the first activity in organizational change management, as it does not address the vision, scope, objectives, and benefits of the change, which are essential for creating a clear picture of the change.
References:
ITIL 4 Managing Professional Transition Module Sample Paper – English, Question 3, Page 5 ITIL 4 Managing Professional: Transition Module | Axelos, Section “What is the ITIL 4 Managing Professional Transition Module?”, Paragraph 3 ITIL 4 Managing Professional Transition Course Online – Simplilearn, Section “Course Overview”, Paragraph 2
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 7, Section 7.2.1, Page 146
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 7, Section 7.2.2, Page 147
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 7, Section 7.2.3, Page 148
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 7, Section 7.2.4, Page 149
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 7, Section 7.2.5, Page 150
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 7, Section 7.2.6, Page 151
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 7, Section 7.2.7, Page 152
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 7, Section 7.2.8, Page 153

Comprehensive Explanation:
A service request is a request from a user for something to be provided.
Common examples include:
* Access requests
* Information requests
* Installation of standard services
“Access to a file” is a typical service request.
Options A and D relate to incident and problem management.
Option B is a change request.
Thus, Option C is correct.

Explanation
The best way for the organization to ensure that all IT activities are aligned with the organization’s objectives is to establish increasingly detailed objectives at each level of the organization that align directly with the objectives of the layer above. This is based on the ITIL 4 principle of cascading objectives, which is a method for translating high-level strategic objectives into more specific and measurable operational objectives. By doing this, the organization can create a clear line of sight between the vision, mission, and goals of the organization and the actions and outcomes of the IT divisions. This also enables the organization to monitor and evaluate the performance and value of the IT activities and ensure that they are contributing to the achievement of the organization’s objectives. The other options are not sufficient to ensure alignment, as they do not address the root cause of the misalignment, which is the lack of clarity and consistency in the objectives. Risk mitigation strategies, compliance controls, and feedback collection are important aspects of IT governance, but they do not necessarily ensure that the IT activities are aligned with the organization’s objectives. They may also create unnecessary bureaucracy and overhead that may hinder the agility and innovation of the IT divisions. References:
https://www.atlassian.com/blog/technology/what-the-new-itil-4-means-for-you-and-your-team
https://www.greycampus.com/opencampus/itil-foundation/itil-objectives

Comprehensive Explanation:
Problem management focuses on:
* Identifying causes of incidents
* Producing workarounds
* Managing workarounds and known errors
Thus, the missing term is “workarounds”.

Explanation
The best way to start working on developing new services while addressing the issues faced by the IT department is to develop a clear understanding of the customers’ intended goals and expectations, and track each of them from start to finish to ensure that the service supports the required outcomes. This is because ITIL 4 emphasizes the importance of co-creating value with customers and focusing on the outcomes that they need and want, rather than just the outputs that the service provider delivers1. By understanding the customers’ goals and expectations, the IT department can design and deliver services that are aligned with the customer’s needs, preferences, and context, and that provide value for both parties2. Moreover, by tracking the customers’ goals and expectations throughout the service lifecycle, the IT department can ensure that the service remains relevant, effective, and efficient, and that any changes or improvements are based on customer feedback and satisfaction3.
Developing a clear set of system requirements and tracking each of them from start to finish to ensure that the delivered service meets the stated requirements (option A) is not the best way to start working on developing new services, because it focuses on the functional aspects of the service, rather than the outcomes that the customer values. System requirements are the specifications of what the service should do, but they do not necessarily reflect the customer’s needs, wants, and context. Therefore, a service that meets the system requirements may not meet the customer’s expectations or provide value for them4.
Involve senior management as early as possible to define requirements and help with ‘organizational change management’ to ensure successful implementation of the service (option C) is not the best way to start working on developing new services, because it does not involve the customer in the service design and delivery process. Senior management may have a different perspective and agenda than the customer,and may not fully understand the customer’s goals and expectations. Therefore, involving senior management alone may not result in a service that meets the customer’s needs or provides value for them. Moreover, organizational change management is a process that helps the organization adapt to changes in the internal or external environment, but it does not necessarily address the issues faced by the IT department in developing new services.
Assess and improve capabilities of IT teams prioritizing areas that are required to deliver the service in a way that meets customer expectations (option D) is not the best way to start working on developing new services, because it assumes that the IT department already knows what the customer expects from the service.
However, without developing a clear understanding of the customer’s goals and expectations, the IT department may not be able to identify the areas that need improvement or the capabilities that are required to deliver the service in a way that meets customer expectations. Therefore, assessing and improving capabilities of IT teams is a secondary step that should follow after developing a clear understanding of the customer’s goals and expectations.
Therefore, the best way to start working on developing new services while addressing the issues faced by the IT department is to develop a clear understanding of the customers’ intended goals and expectations, and track each of them from start to finish to ensure that the service supports the required outcomes.
References: 1: ITIL 4 Foundation, page 4 2: ITIL 4 Foundation, page 6 3: ITIL 4 Foundation, page 8 4: ITIL 4 Foundation, page 9 : ITIL 4 Foundation, page 10 : ITIL 4 Foundation, page 11 : ITIL 4 Foundation, page 12

Explanation
The communication principle that the organization is applying is that there is no single method of communicating that works for everyone. Different communication methods have different advantages and disadvantages, and different audiences may prefer or respond better to different modes of communication. By providing information on the IT portal, sending emails, and holding meetings with affected groups, the organization is using a variety of communication methods to maximize their reach and effectiveness. They are also ensuring that the information is consistent and clear across all channels, and that they can receive feedback and questions from the stakeholders. This communication principle is one of the five principles of good communication based on ITIL 4 concepts1, and it is also related to the ITIL 4 guiding principle of collaborate and promote visibility2, which emphasizes the importance of sharing information and knowledge across the organization and with external partners. References:
Using ITIL’s concepts: 5 principles of good communication1
The 7 ITIL 4 Guiding Principles: Explained in Detail2

Comprehensive Explanation:
For an SLA to be effective, ITIL stresses:
* Clear, simple, and agreed language
* Shared understanding between the provider and the customer
* Terms that are meaningful to both parties
ITIL warns against:
* Using technical metrics that only the provider understands
* Carrying outdated SLAs forward
* Avoiding user-experience metrics – these are valuable
Thus, Option A is the required necessity.

The user is requesting information or guidance – specifically, how to create a report.
ITIL classifies this type of inquiry as a service request, because service requests include:
* Requests for information
* Requests for guidance
* Requests for access
* Requests for standard support activities
Service Request Management is the ITIL practice responsible for handling such user-initiated requests.
Option A: Incident management handles interruptions or degradations of service – not applicable here.
Option B: Service level management focuses on service performance agreements – not user questions.
Option D: Change enablement is about assessing and authorizing changes – unrelated to user guidance.

Explanation
According to ITIL 4, the digital product lifecycle is a model that describes how digital products are created, delivered, and operated. The digital product lifecycle starts with the exploration of market opportunities, where the service provider identifies the needs and expectations of potential customers and stakeholders, and evaluates the feasibility and viability of creating a digital product that can meet those needs and expectations.
The exploration phase involves activities such as market research, customersegmentation, value proposition design, prototyping, and testing. The exploration phase aims to validate the problem-solution fit and the product-market fit of the digital product idea, and to generate feedback and insights that can inform the subsequent phases of the digital product lifecycle. References:
Digital product lifecycle: more speed, less chaos | Axelos
ITIL 4 High-velocity IT (HVIT) – Your companion to the ITIL 4 Managing Professional HVIT certification

The correct answer is B. The service value chain because it is the core component of the ITIL 4 service management framework that describes how an organization orchestrates its IT capabilities to achieve its strategic objectives. The service value chain is an operating model that covers all the key activities to flexibly manage products and services1. It consists of six interconnected value chain activities: plan, improve, engage, design and transition, obtain/build, and deliver and support2.
Option A is not correct because the four dimensions of service management are not an operating model, but rather a holistic perspective that should be considered for the effective and efficient facilitation of value co- creation2. The four dimensions are: organizations and people, information and technology, partners and suppliers, and value streams and processes2.
Option C is not correct because the ITIL guiding principles are not an operating model, but rather a set of recommendations that can guide an organization in all circumstances, regardless of changes in its goals, strategies, type of work, or management structure2. The ITIL guiding principles are: focus on value, start where you are, progress iteratively with feedback, collaborate and promote visibility, think and work holistically, keep it simple and practical, and optimize and automate2.
Option D is not correct because continual improvement is not an operating model, but rather a recurring organizational activity performed at all levels to ensure that an organization’s performance continually meets stakeholders’ expectations2. Continual improvement is based on the continual improvement model, which consists of four steps: what is the vision, where are we now, where do we want to be, and how do we get there2.
References: : ITIL 4 Models – A New Operating Model in ITIL 4 – KnowledgeHut : ITIL 4 Managing Professional Transition Course Online – Simplilearn

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract of ITIL 4 Managing Professional Transition:
ITIL 4 defines service management as:
“A set of specialized organizational capabilities for enabling value for customers in the form of services.”
* This reflects how an organization uses its resources and competencies to deliver services and create value.
* Option B defines an outcome, not service management.
* Option C describes a service offering.
* Option D refers to service relationships.Thus, Option A is the precise ITIL 4 definition of service management.

Explanation
The correct answer is A. Failing to explain service provider action that impact the customer. This is because a lack of transparency and communication can erode the trust and satisfaction of the customer, and lead to misunderstandings and conflicts. The service provider should always inform the customer of any changes, issues, or decisions that affect the customer’s services, expectations, or outcomes. The service provider should also seek feedback from the customer and address any concerns or complaints promptly and effectively.
B: Scheduling interactions between customer and service provider is not a threat, but a good practice to maintain the relationship. Regular interactions can help to align the goals, values, and needs of both parties, and foster collaboration and mutual understanding. The service provider should also use these interactions to demonstrate value and performance, and to identify opportunities for improvement or innovation.
C: Changes in service provider and customer staff is not a threat, but a challenge that can be overcome with proper knowledge management and relationship management. The service provider should ensure that the knowledge and experience of the staff are captured, shared, and transferred to the new staff, and that the new staff are trained and competent to deliver the services. The service provider should also introduce the new staff to the customer and establish rapport and trust.
D: Failing to deal with communication in a timely fashion is a threat, but not the most likely one. Delayed or ignored communication can frustrate the customer and damage the reputation of the service provider. The service provider should respond to the customer’s communication as soon as possible, and provide clear and accurate information. The service provider should also follow up on the communication and ensure that the customer’s needs are met. References:
ITIL 4 Managing Professional Transition Module Sample Paper – English, page 8, question 1, answer A ITIL 4 Managing Professional Transition Module Candidate Syllabus – English, page 9, learning outcome 1.3 ITIL 4 Managing Professional Transition Course Online – Simplilearn, section 3.2, lesson 3.2.2, topic
“Relationship Management”

Comprehensive Explanation:
A Configuration Item (CI) is defined as:
Any component that must be managed in order to deliver an IT service.
Thus, Option C fits the exact ITIL 4 definition.

The correct answer is A because creating a clear picture of what is changing and why it is valuable is the first step in organizational change management. Organizational change management is the practice of ensuring that changes are effectively and smoothly implemented, and that the lasting benefits of change are achieved.
Creating a clear picture of the change involves defining the vision, scope, objectives, and benefits of the change, and communicating them to the stakeholders. This helps to create a sense of urgency, alignment, and commitment for the change, and to overcome resistance and ambiguity.
The other options are not correct because they are not the first activity in organizational change management.
Developing a value stream map of the desired future changes (option B) is a useful technique to identify and optimize the flow of value, but it is not the first activity. It requires a clear understanding of the change and its value proposition, which is established in option A. Creating corrective action plans for staff who are resistant to the change (option C) is a reactive and punitive approach to change management, which can create more resentment and distrust. It is not the first activity, nor the best practice, in organizational change management.
Communicating areas of waste that can be eliminated (option D) is a part of the lean approach to service management, which aims to optimize value by reducing waste and inefficiencies. However, it is not the first activity in organizational change management, as it does not address the vision, scope, objectives, and benefits of the change, which are essential for creating a clear picture of the change.
:
ITIL 4 Managing Professional Transition Module Sample Paper – English, Question 3, Page 5 ITIL 4 Managing Professional: Transition Module | Axelos, Section “What is the ITIL 4 Managing Professional Transition Module?”, Paragraph 3 ITIL 4 Managing Professional Transition Course Online – Simplilearn, Section “Course Overview”, Paragraph 2
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 7, Section 7.2.1, Page 146
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 7, Section 7.2.2, Page 147
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 7, Section 7.2.3, Page 148
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 7, Section 7.2.4, Page 149
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 7, Section 7.2.5, Page 150
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 7, Section 7.2.6, Page 151
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 7, Section 7.2.7, Page 152
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 7, Section 7.2.8, Page 153

Toyota Kata is a way of managing teams, teaching them to adopt the methods used and perfected by Toyota.
It is based on the idea of practicing routines or patterns that help people learn new skills and behaviors. By encouraging the practicing of routines to unlearn old habits and learn new ones, managers can help employees adjust to the different ways of working that Agile and DevOps require. For example, managers can use the Improvement Kata to help teams set challenging goals, experiment with solutions, learn from obstacles, and adapt to changing conditions. Managers can also use the Coaching Kata to provide feedback and guidance to teams, and help them develop scientific thinking and problem-solving skills. References:
* Toyota Kata – Wikipedia
* What is the Toyota Kata? | Kanban Tool
* Toyota Kata – Habits for Continuous Improvements

Explanation
This working practice is not focused on creating value because it does not involve the customers or users in defining the requirements and expectations of the service. It also assumes that the developers’ previous experience is relevant and sufficient for the current situation, which may not be the case. This practice may lead to delivering a servicethat does not meet the needs and preferences of the customers or users, or that is not aligned with the organization’s strategy and objectives. References:
ITIL 4 Managing Professional Transition Module Sample Paper – English1, page 6, question 1, answer A ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition2, page 67, section 4.1.1, paragraph 2 ITIL 4 Managing Professional: Create, Deliver and Support3, page 9, section 1.1, paragraph 3 ITIL 4 Managing Professional: Direct, Plan and Improve4, page 11, section 1.1, paragraph 2

Explanation
The correct answer is B because planning is the process of defining and organizing the activities and resources needed to achieve the objectives of a service or product. Planning should always consider the risks that may affect the delivery of value, and how to mitigate them. Risk management is the practice of identifying, analyzing, evaluating, and treating uncertainties that could prevent the achievement of goals or objectives.
Risk management is an integral part of planning, as well as other service management practices, such as governance, continual improvement, and change control.
The other options are not correct because they do not describe the relationship between planning and risk accurately. Option A is wrong because planning and risk management are both strategic and tactical functions, depending on the scope and level of detail. Option C is wrong because planning does not only focus on what needs to be accomplished, but also how, when, who, and why. Risk management is not just part of how work is to be performed, but also why and what. Option D is wrong because risk management is not the exclusive domain of dedicated risk managers, but a shared responsibility of all stakeholders involved in service management.
References:
ITIL 4 Managing Professional Transition Module Sample Paper – English, Question 2, Page 5 ITIL 4 Managing Professional: Transition Module | Axelos, Section “What is the ITIL 4 Managing Professional Transition Module?”, Paragraph 3 ITIL 4 Managing Professional Transition Course Online – Simplilearn, Section “Course Overview”, Paragraph 2
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 4, Section 4.2.1, Page 54
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 4, Section 4.2.2, Page 55
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 4, Section 4.2.3, Page 56
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 4, Section 4.2.4, Page 57
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 4, Section 4.2.5, Page 58
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 4, Section 4.2.6, Page 59
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 4, Section 4.2.7, Page 60
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 4, Section 4.2.8, Page 61
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 4, Section 4.2.9, Page 62
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 4, Section 4.2.10, Page 63
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 4, Section 4.2.11, Page 64
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 4, Section 4.2.12, Page 65
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 4, Section 4.2.13, Page 66
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 4, Section 4.2.14, Page 67
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 4, Section 4.2.15, Page 68
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 4, Section 4.2.16, Page 69
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 4, Section 4.2.17, Page 70
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 4, Section 4.2.18, Page 71
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 4, Section 4.2.19, Page 72
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 4, Section 4.2.20, Page 73
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 4, Section 4.2.21, Page 74
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 4, Section 4.2.22, Page 75
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 4, Section 4.2.23, Page 76
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 4, Section 4.2.24, Page 77
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 4, Section 4.2.25, Page 78
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 4, Section 4.2.26, Page 79
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 4, Section 4.2.27, Page 80
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 4, Section 4.2.28, Page 81
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 4, Section 4.2.29, Page 82
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 4, Section 4.2.30, Page 83
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 4, Section 4.2.31, Page 84
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 4, Section 4.2.32, Page 85
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 4, Section 4.2.33, Page 86
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 4, Section 4.2.34, Page 87
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 4, Section 4.2.35, Page 88
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 4, Section 4.2.36, Page 89
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 4, Section 4.2.37, Page 90
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 4, Section 4.2.38, Page 91
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 4, Section 4.2.39, Page 92
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 4, Section 4.2.40, Page 93
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 4, Section 4.2.41, Page 94
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 4, Section 4.2.42, Page 95
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 4, Section 4.2.43, Page 96
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 4, Section 4.2.44, Page 97
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 4, Section 4.2.45, Page 98
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 4, Section 4.2.46, Page 99
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 4, Section 4.2.47, Page 100
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 4, Section 4.2.48, Page 101
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 4, Section 4.2.49, Page 102
[ITIL 4 Foundation: ITIL 4 Edition], Chapter 4, Section 4.2.50,